Lesson on Phrasal Verbs

PHRASAL VERBS

(Source: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-phrasal-verbs_2.htm)

 

Phrasal verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. On this page we look at phrasal verbs proper.

Phrasal verbs are made of:

verb + adverb

Phrasal verbs can be:

• intransitive (no direct object)
• transitive (direct object)

  Here are some examples of phrasal verbs:

	Phrasal Verbs	Meaning	Examples
			I don’t like to get up	Direct Object
Intransitive Phrasal Verbs	Get up	Rise from bed
	Break down	Cease to function	He was late because his car broke down
Transitive Phrasal Verbs	Put off	Postpone	We will have to put off	The meeting
	Turn down	Refuse	They turned down	My offer

Separable Phrasal Verbs

When phrasal verbs are transitive (that is, they have a direct object), we can usually separate the two parts. For example, “turn down” is a separable phrasal verb. We can say: “turn down my offer” or “turn my offer down“. Look at this table:

Transitive Phrasal Verbs are Separable	√	They	turned		down	My offer
	√	They	turned	My offer	down

However, if the direct object is a pronoun, we have no choice. We must separate the phrasal verb and insert the pronoun between the two parts. Look at this example with the separable phrasal verb “switch on”:

Direct object pronouns must go between the two parts of transitive phrasal verbs	√	John	switched		on	The radio	These are all possible
	√	John	switched	The radio	on
	√	John	switched	It	on
	X	John	switched		on	It	This is not possible

→ Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs? Some dictionaries tell you when phrasal verbs are separable. If a dictionary writes “look (something) up”, you know that the phrasal verb “look up” is separable, and you can say “look something up” and “look up something”. It’s a good idea to write “something/somebody” as appropriate in your vocabulary book when you learn a new phrasal verb, like this:

• get up
• break down
• put something/somebody off
• turn sthg/sby down

This tells you whether the verb needs a direct object (and where to put it). 

Prepositional Verbs
(Source: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-phrasal-verbs_1.htm)

Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. On this page we look at prepositional verbs.

Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects. Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

Prepositional Verbs	Meaning	Examples
			Direct Object
Believe in	Have faith in the existence of	I believe in	God
Look after	Take care of	He is looking after	The dog
Talk about	Discuss	Did you talk about	Me?
Wait for	Await	John is waiting for	Mary

Prepositional verbs cannot be separated. That means that we cannot put the direct object between the two parts. For example, we must say “look after the baby”. We cannot say “look the baby after”:

Prepositional Verbs are Inseparable	√	Who is looking after the baby?	This is possible
	X	Who is looking the baby after?	This is not possible

→ It is a good idea to write “something/somebody” in your vocabulary book when you learn a new prepositional verb, like this:

• believe in something/somebody
• look after sthg/sby

This reminds you that this verb needs a direct object (and where to put it).

Phrasal-prepositional Verbs

(Source: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-phrasal-verbs_3.htm)

Phrasal-prepositional verbs are a small group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another word or words. Many people refer to all multi-word verbs as phrasal verbs. On these pages we make a distinction between three types of multi-word verbs: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and phrasal-prepositional verbs. On this page we look at phrasal-prepositional verbs. Phrasal-prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + adverb + preposition

Look at these examples of phrasal-prepositional verbs:

Phrasal – Prepositional Verbs	Meaning	Examples
			Direct Object
Get on with	Have a friendly relationship with	He doesn’t get on with	His wife
Put up with	Tolerate	I wont pup up with	Your attitude
Look forward to	Anticipate with pleasure	I look forward to	Seeing you
Run out of	Use up, exhaust	We have run out of	Eggs.

Because phrasal-prepositional verbs end with a preposition, there is always a direct object. And, like prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs cannot be separated. Look at these examples:

Phrasal – prepositional verbs are inseparable	√	We	ran out of	fuel
	√	We	ran out of	it

 → It is a good idea to write “something/somebody” in your vocabulary book when you learn a new phrasal-prepositional verb, like this:

• get on with somebody
• put up with sthg/sby
• run out of something

This reminds you that this verb needs a direct object (and where to put it).

Take a Test!!!!

Phrasal Verbs Quiz. Are these sentences correct or incorrect?(Source: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-phrasal-verbs_quiz.htm)1. Why do we always talk the weather about?                                Correct / incorrect 

2. My mother switched the radio off this morning.                           Correct / incorrect 

3. I will look your letter forward to.                                                Correct / incorrect  

4. He was nice, but we turned down him.                                        Correct / incorrect  

5. I believe in ghosts, don’t you?                                                     Correct / incorrect  

6. We will have to wait the bus for at the corner.                             Correct / incorrect  

7. Melissa is going to look after the children.                                   Correct / incorrect  

8. I have to put the baby down while I sweep the floor.                   Correct / incorrect  

9. Why don’t you switch the music over while you wait?                  Correct / incorrect 

10. Can you go to the store before we run milk out of.                    Correct / incorrect 

Answers: 1. Correct, 2. Correct, 3. Incorrect, 4. Incorrect, 5. Correct, 6. Incorrect, 7. Correct, 8. Correct, 9. Correct, 10. Incorrect.

List of Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verbs List

(Source: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm)

This is a list of about 200 common phrasal verbs, with meanings and examples. Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don’t recognize. The examples will help you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning. As well as learning their meanings, you need to learn how to use phrasal verbs properly. Some phrasal verbs require a direct object (someone/something), while others do not. Some phrasal verbs can be separated by the object, while others cannot. Review some grammar lessons on phrasal verbs from time to time so that you don’t forget the rules!

→ Most phrasal verbs consist of two words, but a few consist of THREE words, which always stay together.

Verb	Meaning	Example
ask someone out	invite on a date	Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.
ask around	ask many people the same question	I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.
add up to something	equal	Your purchases add up to $205.32.
back something up	reverse	You’ll have to back up your car so that I can get out.
back someone up	support	My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.
blow up	explode	The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.
blow something up	add air	We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.
break down	stop functioning (vehicle, machine)	Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
break down	get upset	The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.
break something down	divide into smaller parts	Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts.
break in	force entry to a building	Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.
break into something	enter forcibly	The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.
break something in	wear something a few times so that it doesn’t look/feel new	I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.
break in	interrupt	The TV station broke in to report the news of the president’s death.
break up	end a relationship	My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.
break up	start laughing (informal)	The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.
break out	escape	The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren’t looking.
break out in something	develop a skin condition	I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.
bring someone down	make unhappy	This sad music is bringing me down.
bring someone up	raise a child	My grandparents brought me up after my parents died.
bring something up	start talking about a subject	My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.
bring something up	vomit	He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.
call around	phone many different places/people	We called around but we weren’t able to find the car part we needed.
call someone back	return a phone call	I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.
call something off	cancel	Jason called the wedding off because he wasn’t in love with his fiancé.
call on someone	ask for an answer or opinion	The professor called on me for question 1.
call on someone	visit someone	We called on you last night but you weren’t home.
call someone up	phone	Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.
calm down	relax after being angry	You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.
not care for someone/something	not like (formal)	I don’t care for his behaviour.
catch up	get to the same point as someone else	You’ll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty.
check in	arrive and register at a hotel or airport	We will get the hotel keys when we check in.
check out	leave a hotel	You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.
check someone/something out	look at carefully, investigate	The company checks out all new employees.
check out someone/something	look at (informal)	Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
cheer up	become happier	She cheered up when she heard the good news.
cheer someone up	make happier	I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
chip in	help	If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.
clean something up	tidy, clean	Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside.
come across something	find unexpectedly	I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.
come apart	separate	The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.
come down with something	become sick	My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.
come forward	volunteer for a task or to give evidence	The woman came forward with her husband’s finger prints.
come from somewhere	originate in	The art of origami comes from Asia.
count on someone/something	rely on	I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.
cross something out	draw a line through	Please cross out your old address and write your new one.
cut back on something	consume less	My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.
cut something down	make something fall to the ground	We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm.
cut in	interrupt	Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.
cut in	pull in too closely in front of another vehicle	The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.
cut in	start operating (of an engine or electrical device)	The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22ºC.
cut something off	remove with something sharp	The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.
cut something off	stop providing	The phone company cut off our phone because we didn’t pay the bill.
cut someone off	take out of a will	My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried.
cut something out	remove part of something (usually with scissors and paper)	I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
do someone/something over	beat up, ransack (Br.E., informal)	He’s lucky to be alive. His shop was done over by a street gang.
do something over	do again (N.Amer.)	My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn’t like my topic.
do away with something	discard	It’s time to do away with all of these old tax records.
do something up	fasten, close	Do your coat up before you go outside. It’s snowing!
dress up	wear nice clothing	It’s a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.
drop back	move back in a position/group	Andrea dropped back to third place when she fell off her bike.
drop in/by/over	come without an appointment	I might drop in/by/over for tea some time this week.
drop someone/something off	take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there	I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.
drop out	quit a class, school etc	I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.
eat out	eat at a restaurant	I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Let’s eat out.
end up	eventually reach/do/decide	We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.
fall apart	break into pieces	My new dress fell apart in the washing machine.
fall down	fall to the ground	The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning.
fall out	separate from an interior	The money must have fallen out of my pocket.
fall out	(of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached	His hair started to fall out when he was only 35.
figure something out	understand, find the answer	I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.
fill something in	to write information in blanks (Br.E.)	Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number.
fill something out	to write information in blanks (N.Amer.)	The form must be filled out in capital letters.
fill something up	fill to the top	I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.
find out	discover	We don’t know where he lives. How can we find out?
find something out	discover	We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out.
get something across/over	communicate, make understandable	I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn’t listen.
get along/on	like each other	I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
get around	have mobility	My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair.
get away	go on a vacation	We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week.
get away with something	do without being noticed or punished	Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests.
get back	return	We got back from our vacation last week.
get something back	receive something you had before	Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate.
get back at someone	retaliate, take revenge	My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back into something	become interested in something again	I finally got back into my novel and finished it.
get on something	step onto a vehicle	We’re going to freeze out here if you don’t let us get on the bus.
get over something	recover from an illness, loss, difficulty	I just got over the flu and now my sister has it.
get over something	overcome a problem	The company will have to close if it can’t get over the new regulations.
get round to something	finally find time to do (N.Amer.: get around to something)	I don’t know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards.
get together	meet (usually for social reasons)	Let’s get together for a BBQ this weekend.
get up	get out of bed	I got up early today to study for my exam.
get up	stand	You should get up and give the elderly man your seat.
give someone away	reveal hidden information about someone	His wife gave him away to the police.
give someone away	take the bride to the altar	My father gave me away at my wedding.
give something away	ruin a secret	My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident.
give something away	give something to someone for free	The library was giving away old books on Friday.
give something back	return a borrowed item	I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game.
give in	reluctantly stop fighting or arguing	My boyfriend didn’t want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in.
give something out	give to many people (usually at no cost)	They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store.
give something up	quit a habit	I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.
give up	stop trying	My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.
go after someone	follow someone	My brother tried to go after the thief in his car.
go after something	try to achieve something	I went after my dream and now I am a published writer.
go against someone	compete, oppose	We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight.
go ahead	start, proceed	Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold.
go back	return to a place	I have to go back home and get my lunch.
go out	leave home to go on a social event	We’re going out for dinner tonight.
go out with someone	date	Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter.
go over something	review	Please go over your answers before you submit your test.
go over	visit someone nearby	I haven’t seen Tina for a long time. I think I’ll go over for an hour or two.
go without something	suffer lack or deprivation	When I was young, we went without winter boots.
grow apart	stop being friends over time	My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools.
grow back	regrow	My roses grew back this summer.
grow up	become an adult	When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman.
grow out of something	get too big for	Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones.
grow into something	grow big enough to fit	This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year.
hand something down	give something used to someone else	I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin.
hand something in	submit	I have to hand in my essay by Friday.
hand something out	to distribute to a group of people	We will hand out the invitations at the door.
hand something over	give (usually unwillingly)	The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons.
hang in	stay positive (N.Amer., informal)	Hang in there. I’m sure you’ll find a job very soon.
hang on	wait a short time (informal)	Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
hang out	spend time relaxing (informal)	Instead of going to the party we are just going to hang out at my place.
hang up	end a phone call	He didn’t say goodbye before he hung up.
hold someone/something back	prevent from doing/going	I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park.
hold something back	hide an emotion	Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather’s funeral.
hold on	wait a short time	Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.
hold onto someone/something	hold firmly using your hands or arms	Hold onto your hat because it’s very windy outside.
hold someone/somethingup	rob	A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning.
keep on doing something	continue doing	Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.
keep something from someone	not tell	We kept our relationship from our parents for two years.
keep someone/something out	stop from entering	Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.
keep something up	continue at the same rate	If you keep those results up you will get into a great college.
let someone down	fail to support or help, disappoint	I need you to be on time. Don’t let me down this time.
let someone in	allow to enter	Can you let the cat in before you go to school?
look after someone/something	take care of	I have to look after my sick grandmother.
look down on someone	think less of, consider inferior	Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.
look for someone/something	try to find	I’m looking for a red dress for the wedding.
look forward to something	be excited about the future	I’m looking forward to the Christmas break.
look into something	investigate	We are going to look into the price of snowboards today.
look out	be careful, vigilant, and take notice	Look out! That car’s going to hit you!
look out for someone/something	be especially vigilant for	Don’t forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail.
look something over	check, examine	Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?
look something up	search and find information in a reference book or database	We can look her phone number up on the Internet.
look up to someone	have a lot of respect for	My little sister has always looked up to me.
make something up	invent, lie about something	Josie made up a story about about why we were late.
make up	forgive each other	We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast.
make someone up	apply cosmetics to	My sisters made me up for my graduation party.
mix something up	confuse two or more things	I mixed up the twins’ names again!
pass away	die	His uncle passed away last night after a long illness.
pass out	faint	It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.
pass something out	give the same thing to many people	The professor passed the textbooks out before class.
pass something up	decline (usually something good)	I passed up the job because I am afraid of change.
pay someone back	return owed money	Thanks for buying my ticket. I’ll pay you back on Friday.
pay for something	be punished for doing something bad	That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother.
pick something out	choose	I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.
point someone/something out	indicate with your finger	I’ll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.
put something down	put what you are holding on a surface or floor	You can put the groceries down on the kitchen counter.
put someone down	insult, make someone feel stupid	The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short.
put something off	postpone	We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane.
put something out	extinguish	The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.
put something together	assemble	I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives.
put up with someone/something	tolerate	I don’t think I can put up with three small children in the car.
put something on	put clothing/accessories on your body	Don’t forget to put on your new earrings for the party.
run into someone/something	meet unexpectedly	I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.
run over someone/something	drive a vehicle over a person or thing	I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway.
run over/through something	rehearse, review	Let’s run over/through these lines one more time before the show.
run away	leave unexpectedly, escape	The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days.
run out	have none left	We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.
send something back	return (usually by mail)	My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp.
set something up	arrange, organize	Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company.
set someone up	trick, trap	The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera.
shop around	compare prices	I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.
show off	act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully)	He always shows off on his skateboard
sleep over	stay somewhere for the night (informal)	You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.
sort something out	organize, resolve a problem	We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.
stick to something	continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing	You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.
switch something off	stop the energy flow, turn off	The light’s too bright. Could you switch it off.
switch something on	start the energy flow, turn on	We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio.
take after someone	resemble a family member	I take after my mother. We are both impatient.
take something apart	purposely break into pieces	He took the car brakes apart and found the problem.
take something back	return an item	I have to take our new TV back because it doesn’t work.
take off	start to fly	My plane takes off in five minutes.
take something off	remove something (usually clothing)	Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake!
take something out	remove from a place or thing	Can you take the garbage out to the street for me?
take someone out	pay for someone to go somewhere with you	My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie.
tear something up	rip into pieces	I tore up my ex-boyfriend’s letters and gave them back to him.
think back	remember (often + to, sometimes + on)	When I think back on my youth, I wish I had studied harder.
think something over	consider	I’ll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision.
throw something away	dispose of	We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.
turn something down	decrease the volume or strength (heat, light etc)	Please turn the TV down while the guests are here.
turn something down	refuse	I turned the job down because I don’t want to move.
turn something off	stop the energy flow, switch off	Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner.
turn something on	start the energy, switch on	It’s too dark in here. Let’s turn some lights on.
turn something up	increase the volume or strength (heat, light etc)	Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song.
turn up	appear suddenly	Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.
try something on	sample clothing	I’m going to try these jeans on, but I don’t think they will fit.
try something out	test	I am going to try this new brand of detergent out.
use something up	finish the supply	The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more.
wake up	stop sleeping	We have to wake up early for work on Monday.
warm someone/something up	increase the temperature	You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace.
warm up	prepare body for exercise	I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run.
wear off	fade away	Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.
work out	exercise	I work out at the gym three times a week.
work out	be successful	Our plan worked out fine.
work something out	make a calculation	We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

Br.E.: British English; N.Amer.: North American

Signal Words for Present Perfect

Exercises: Signal Words for Present Perfect

 

- How long have you lived in your town? I’ve lived here for ten years¹.

- How long have you been in this country? I’ve been here for about ten years.

- How long have you lived in Brazil? For a long time. Since 1980².

- How long have you lived in England? Not for a long time. Since 1999.

• - How many houses have you had? I’ve (I have) had three different houses.
• - How many countries have you lived in? I’ve (I have) lived in five countries.
• - How many countries have you been to? I’ve (I have) been to seven countries.

Verbs

                                               Present Past                 Past Participle

Ser/Estar___________is/are______________was/were_______been

Vivir_______________live________________lived____________lived

Permanecer_________stay_______________stayed___________stayed

Ir__________________go________________went____________gone

Hacer_______________do/does____________did_____________done

Tener_______________have/has___________had_____________had

¹ Usamos for cuando nos referimos a un cierto período de tiempo.

² Usamos since cuando tenemos una fecha precisa de início.

EXERCISES

1. “For” or “Since” Make sentences using “for” or “since”.

Examples:        – How long have you worked at the bank? (two years)

   I have worked at the bank for two years.

- How long have you been married? (1996)

   I have been married since 1996.

a. How long have you lived in the United States? (One year) ____________________________

b. How long has Mary been a nurse? (April) _________________________________________

c. How long has Karen known Tom? (1979) _________________________________________

d. How long have they studied English? (a few months) ________________________________

e. How long has Karen played tennis? (a long time) ___________________________________

f. How long has he worn glasses? (1975) ___________________________________________

g. How long has Emily played the piano? (high school) ________________________________

h. How long will you be on vacation? (three weeks) ___________________________________

i. How long have you driven a car? (my birthday) _____________________________________

j. How long has Ron had his new computer? (last month) ______________________________

k. How long has she owned the book shop? (ten years) ________________________________

l. How long has Gary played football? (several years) _________________________________

m. How long have your friends been in town? (Monday) _______________________________

n. How long has Mrs. Smith lived on Clark Street? (many years) _________________________

o. How long has the post office been closed. (five o’clock) ______________________________



 2. Fill in the blanks with for or since:

a. I have been here……………………many months.

b. I have stayed in this hotel…………………….I arrived in London.

c. I haven’t been there……………………………a long time.

d. They haven’t seen her …………………………..last month.

e. Andrea and I have lived in Argentina ………………………… September.

f. We haven’t gone abroad…………………………1998.



3. Structures with “How”. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given:

a. How long have you…………………………(live) in Brazil?

b. How many cars have you ……………………..(have)?

c. How long have you……………………….(stay) in this house?

d. How many countries have you………………………(be) to?

e. How long have you ……………………(be) in the United States?



4. – Match the second column with the first, combining questions and answers.

( 1 ) How long have you lived in Brazil?

( 2 ) How many countries have you been to?

( 3 ) How many jobs have you had ?

( 4 ) How many cities have you lived in?

( 5 ) How long have you been studying in Florida?

(     ) I’ve been studying here just for two weeks.

(     ) I haven’t lived here for a long time, only since 1998.

(     ) I’ve had so many jobs! I guess I’ve had eight.

(     ) I’ve already been to nine different countries.

(     ) I have lived in four different cities.



5. Write sentences in present perfect simple. Place ‘never’ before the main verb.

In a contest, people get the chance to do something they’ve never done before. This is what the participants told the jury:

1.         Fergal / never / sail / on the Pacific. 

2.         Rebecca / never / stay / at a five-star hotel 

3.         Jason / never / watch / a world-cup final 

4.         Rachel and Gareth / never / climb / Mount Kilimanjaro 

5.         Elaine / never / see / a whale 

6.         Ruth / never / spend / her holiday in Mexico 

7.         Connor / never / be / to Canada 

8.         Lisa and Holly / never / cycle / around England 

9.         Barry / never / drive / a Ferrari 

10.       Clare / never / meet / Mickey Mouse



Answers:

1- a. for, b. since, c. since, d. for, e. for, f. since, g. since, h. for, i. since, j. since, k. for, l. for, m. since, n. for, o. since

2- a. for, b. Since, c. For, d. Since, e. Since, f.. Since.

3- a. lived, b. had, c. stayed, d. been

4-         ( 5 ) I’ve been studying here just for two weeks.

( 1 ) I haven’t lived here for a long time, only since 1998.

( 3 ) I’ve had so many jobs! I guess I’ve had eight.

( 2 ) I’ve already been to nine different countries.

( 4 ) I have lived in four different cities.

5-         1. Fergal has never sailed on the Pacific. 

2. Rebecca has never stayed at a five-star hotel. 

3. Jason has never watched a world-cup final. 

4. Rachel and Gareth have never climbed Mount Kilimanjaro. 

5. Elaine has never seen a whale. 

6. Ruth has never spent her holiday in Mexico. 

7. Connor has never been to Canada. 

8. Lisa and Holly have never cycled around England. 

9. Barry has never driven a Ferrari. 

10. Clare has never met Mickey Mouse.

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More Practice!!!!

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.since.i.htm (for and since)

http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.presper.i.htm (already, just, still and yet)

http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/PresentPerfect1D.html (for and since)

http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/PresentPerfect1C.html (already and yet)

Modal Verbs Handout

Modal Verbs Handout

1. CAN (Present): Expresses ability, mental or physical. Also expresses permission. The negative form of can is cannot or can’t. E.g. can he swim well? Can I go with him? He can go swimming at Miami Beach.

2. COULD: Is the past tense of the conditional tense of can. The negative form is could not or couldn’t.

PAST: He couldn’t swim last year

CONDITIONAL: I could go if I had the money. I thought that I could go.

3. MAY (Present): expresses either permission or possibility.

PERMISSION: May I borrow your book?

POSSIBILITY: I may see her tomorrow.

4. MIGHT: Is the past tense and the conditional tense of MAY. It also indicates future time. Although might sometimes has the idea of permission. The negative form: might not.

 5. MUST (Deber): expresses necessity or probability. When Must is used to express necessity, it is similar to HAVE TO. Must is used in all persons of the present tense. It has no past or future tenses; therefore HAD TO is used in the past Must sometimes indicate probability. In this case, the past tense form is MUST HAVE followed by the past participle of the principal verb. Philadelphia must be an interesting city. They must have visited Independence Hall while they were there.

Examples:

Statements:

- You must study now.

- You had to study last night.

- You will have to study tonight.

Interrogatives:

- Must you study now?

- Did you have to study last night?

- Will you have to study tonight?

Negatives:

- You mustn’t study now (Prohibition)

- You don’t have to study now (No necessity)

- You didn’t have to study last night (No necessity)

- You won’t have to study tonight (No necessity)

↓

Now practice these auxiliaries as indicated:

A. CAN – COULD

1. ______ we finish the book this year.

2. Who ______ translate that sentence?

3. No one ______ translate that sentence.

4. He says he ______ wait for us.

5. She said she ______ be there by noon.

6. You ______ travel by plane or by train.

7. ______ you tell me where she is?

8. You ______ see the door from here.

B. MAY – MIGHT (PERMISSION)

1. ______ I borrow your pencil?

2. Certainly you ______ use it.

3. You ______ enter this class if you already know some English

4. Her mother said she ______ go

C. MUST – MUST HAVE

1. Virginia ______ go to see the doctor.

2. She ______ speak English well by this time.

3. It ______ been a fine trip.

4. You ______ be tired after your long trip

5. I ______called you about two o’clock

6. He ______ left, because his hat and his coat are not here.

D. Fill in the blanks in each sentence using a modal verb, such as can, could, would, should, might, may, must, or have to, based on the situational hints shown in italics. Select the modal that seems most appropriate for the situation described, and be prepared to explain your choice.

1. I ______ not know what to say to him if he showed up.

(I’m unprepared to speak to him)

2. She ______ look at things differently once the facts are in.

(A change in opinion is possible after all the information becomes available)

3. It’s company policy; you ______ do it this way or your expenses won’t be reimbursed.

(The company requires that this procedure be followed for expense reimbursements)

4. I’m in terrible shape! I ______ exercise more!

(I’ve decided that more exercise is an absolute necessity for me)

5. ______ you get this report done for us by tomorrow morning?

(Are you willing and able to prepare this report by tomorrow if we ask you?)

6. ______ you handle this much work on a regular basis?

(Do you have the capacity to handle this much work regularly?)

7. We were worried about you. You ______ have called us as soon as you knew you’d be late.

(Calling someone when you will be late is a good idea, in my opinion)

8. You ______ want to think a little more carefully about that before trying it next time.

(I think you were stupid not to think more carefully about it)

9. This computer’s not working. It ______ have been damaged by the thunderstorm.

(The damage is a logical deduction based on the information available)

10. Ellen ______ be sent to London this summer, if the board decides that the situation there warrants it.

(The trip is certainly possible, but whether or not she goes depends on the board’s preference)

11. My trainer says I’m in terrible shape. According to him I ______ exercise more.

(My trainer is trying to compel me to exercise more)

12. You ______ always try reinstalling Windows, that might work if the disk is corrupt.

(This is one possible course of action, and there’s a possibility of it working under certain conditions.)

13. I ______ not to do that if I were you!

(I don’t think your behavior is prudent, and my own normal behavior is different.)

14. When she was young, she ______ play tennis every single day, rain or shine.

(She did this habitually when she was young, although she doesn’t necessarily do it now.)

15. ______ I suggest this dark blue jacket?

(You’re a customer in my upscale store, and I’m trying to be very polite)

16. I ______ admit, it’s a very nice-looking car.

(I have no choice but to admit that the car looks nice)

17. She ______ admit that it was a very nice-looking car

(She had no choice but to admit that the car looked nice)

18. I ______ think not!

(I find absolutely impossible to believe.)

19. ______ we be required to ditch the aircraft, there are flotation devices under your seats.

(There are live-saving devices under your seats for use if we ditch in water.)

20. You ______ say that.

(That’s  another correct way of summarizing the situation.)

_____________________ ♥

Answers:

1. Would, 2. Might/May, 3. Have to, 4. Must, 5. Could, 6. Can, 7. Should, 8. Might, 9. Must, 10. May, 11. Have to, 12. Could, 13. Would, 14. Would, 15. Might/may/could/can, 16. Must, 17. Had to, 18. Should, 19. Should, 20. Could.