Text connectives or Connectors

Text Connectives:

 

Other words which contribute to the cohesion of the text are the text connectives. These are often called connectors, discourse markers or signal words. They provide the reader with signposts indicating how the text is developing. If the writer wants to show that a summary is coming up, for example, a phrase such as In short …or briefly … can be used. If the text is giving a sequence of points, these can be highlighted by the use of such words as to begin …, Secondly …, In conclusion…

The following is a list of commonly used text connectives:

Clarify	Showing cause/result	Indicating time	Sequencing ideas	Adding information	Condition/ concession
in other words	so	then	firstly, first	too	in that case
I mean	therefore	next	in the first place	in addition	otherwise
to put it another way	then	afterwards	first of all	indeed	if not
for example	consequently	at the same time	to start with	apart from that	however
for instance	in/as a consequence	before that	to begin	also	nevertheless
to be more precise	as a result	in the end	for a start	furthermore	despite this
or rather	for that reason	finally	second, third, fourth …	On top of that	besides
in particular	due to …, owing to …	soon	at this point	and besides	yet
in fact	accordingly	after a while	to get back to the point	above all	on the other hand
as a matter of fact	because of this	at this point	then	along with	however
that is	in that case	meanwhile	in short	What is more	on the contrary
namely		at this moment	all in all	again	anyhow, anyway
to illustrate		later	briefly	let alone	instead
		previously	to summarise/to sum up	as well	still
			finally	likewise	even so
			a final point	moreover	all the same
			to conclude	similarly	in any case
			in conclusion	equally	at least
			given the above points	in the same way	though
			in light of the above		despite this

 

- GCSE ENGLISH - Useful connectives

 

ADDING	SEQUENCING	EMPHASIZING	COMPARING
and	next	above all	equally
also	then	in particular	in the same way
as well as	first, second, third,?	especially	similarly
moreover	Finally	indeed	likewise
too	meanwhile	notably	as with
	after	significantly	like
CAUSE AND EFFECT	QUALIFYING	ILLUSTRATING	CONTRASTING
because	however	for example	whereas
so	although	such as	instead of
therefore	unless	for instance	alternatively
thus	except	as revealed by	otherwise
consequently	if	in the case of	unlike
	as long as		on the other hand
	apart from
	yet

 

Broad Meaning	Connective Adverbs and Phrases	Conjunctions
Addition	also, too, similarly, in addition, even, indeed, let alone	and, as, like
Opposition	however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, though, alternatively, anyway, yet, in fact, even so	but, or, (al)though, whereas, while
Reinforcing	besides, anyway, after all	in that
Explaining	for example, for instance, in other words, that is to say, i.e., e.g.	and
Listing	first(ly) … second(ly), first of all, finally, lastly, for one thing … for another, in the first place, to begin with, next, in sum, to conclude, in a nutshell	because, since, as, for, if, unless, now (that), so (that), in case, provided (that), whether … or …
Indicating result	therefore, consequently, as a result, so, then	when, before, after, since, until, till, while, as, once, whenever
Indicating time	then, meanwhile, later, afterwards, before (that), since (then), meanwhile

 

FIRSTLY	SECONDLY, FURTHERMORE, MOREOVER, IN ADDITION	FINALLY	IN CONCLUSION, IN SUMMARY, THUS
This can be used for the first supporting argument.	These can be used for any further supporting arguments (except, of course, for “Secondly” which can only be used for the second).	This can be used for the last supporting argument. Note: this is not a concluding connective and also you can use “Furthermore”, “Moreover” or “In addition” for the last argument if you wish	These all carry roughly the same meaning. They should be used to indicate that you are making final statements that cover all the supporting arguments in a very general way.

Also: También

As long as: Con tal de que, a condición de que

Because of (this): Por (esto), a causa de (esto)

By the way: A propósito, por cierto

Even so: Así y todo, aún así

Even though: A pesar de que, aunque

Even if: Incluso si

Firstly: En primer lugar

From now on: De ahora en adelante

However: Sin embargo

In any case: De todos modos

In conclusión: En conclusión, para terminar

In my opinión: En mi opinión

In this way: De este modo

In this respect: A este respecto

In short: En resumen, en resumidas cuentas

In some way: En cierto modo

It seems to me that: (A mí) me parece que

I think: Yo creo que, pienso que

Likewise: Asimismo

Moreover: Además, es más

On the other hand: Por otro lado, por otra parte

One way or another: de un modo u otro

Regarding: Con respecto a

So: Así es que, de modo que, así pues

Something like that: Algo así, algo parecido/ similar

Therefore: Así pues, por lo tanto, por eso

More Informative Paragraphs – Tie Your Ideas Together

http://mywebpages.comcast.net/tgeorges/write/les15.htm

As you build paragraphs, you’ll need some “glue” to bind your sentences together. Otherwise, your readers will have trouble making the logical jumps from one sentence to the next. Even though the connections between your sentences may be clear to you, you can’t count on your readers to supply those links. Remember that a paragraph should form a single logical unit. If it doesn’t create a single idea in your readers’ minds, it’s not doing its job. 

English supplies us with useful linking words called CONNECTIVES, which form the logical bridges between ideas. If you keep these verbal guideposts in mind and use them as you write, you will almost automatically provide the interrelations among ideas that every reader looks for.

Here is a list of some connectives. Like the subordinating conjunctions, these are the good guys; use them liberally (but correctly and appropriately), and I guarantee that your writing will become more effective. They are hard to overuse.

Connective words that describe relationships:

ALSO - HOWEVER - ALTHOUGH – INCIDENTALLY - THEREFORE – BESIDES – LIKEWISE – THUS – MEANWHILE – MOREOVER – USUALLY – FURTHERMORE – NEXT – WHATEVER – GENERALLY – YET – ACCORDINGLY – NEVERTHELESS – INSTEAD – IN CONTRAST – FOR EXAMPLE.

Connectives that give a sense of time:

FIRST - SECONDLY – FINALLY - NOW – ONCE - WHEN – ULTIMATELY - EVENTUALLY – LASTLY - LATER - MEANWHILE – PREVIOUSLY – THEN - SOON – FORMERLY – SOMETIMES.

Other Connective phrases:

TO BEGIN WITH – ON THE OTHER HAND – IN BRIEF – IN GENERAL – IN SUMMARY - MORE SPECIFICALLY – INSTEAD OF - IN ADDITION TO – IN OTHER WORDS – ANOTHER WAY TO – FOR THE SAME REASON - NO MATTER WHAT – SUCH A – THAT’S WHAT/WHY – IN FACT – WHAT’S MORE – IN THE SAME WAY – ON THE CONTRARY – CONVERSELY – AS A RESULT – SUMMING UP – IF SO / NOT. 

All of these words and phrases link ideas and assure continuity in your writing. Another useful principle to assure continuity in your writing and tie your sentences together is:

 - TRY TO HAVE A WORD OR PHRASE SOMEWHERE IN EACH SENTENCE THAT REFERS TO SOMETHING IN A PREVIOUS SENTENCE. 

One easy way to follow this principle is to use pronominal adjectives like these to refer to nouns in previous sentences:

THIS – THAT – THESE – WHICH – THEIR – HIS – ITS – HER

For example: Dr. Quark testified that the only scientific value of creationism lies in its position among primitive superstitions and mythologies. His testimony helped strike down laws requiring its teachings to be included in biology textbooks.

Another way to assure continuity in your writing is simple repetition; that is, carry the same nouns from one sentence to the next.

For example: Scientists map the winds and precipitation inside hurricanes by flying specially instrumented aircraft through them. These aircraft must withstand stresses of up to six times the force of gravity.

If you try to use these connective devices in your own writing, but have difficulty, be suspicious that the ideas that you’re trying to link together in a single paragraph are merely a sequence (that is, a catalog) of logically unrelated ideas. Rearrange or rewrite them until you can logically tie them together. Remember: All the sentences in a paragraph should be logically related.

INTENSIVES:

Another way to tie ideas together is with intensives. Intensives help you emphasize what’s important and to set the important apart from the incidental – a major goal of all scientific and technical writing. Compare the following two sentences, the first without intensives and the second with intensives added:

The whale is the largest living mammal. The largest whales weigh over 150 tons, are 100 feet long, and consume 5 tons of food each day.

The whale is by far the largest living mammal. In fact, the largest whales weigh as much as 150 tons and grow as long as 100 feet. These enormous animals consume 5 tons of food each day.

Notice how the bold words that have been added emphasize certain points the author deemed important.

Here is a list of some useful intensives:

ESPECIALLY - AS MUCH AS - EVEN IF/THOUGH – INCREASINGLY - BY FAR – SO…THAT – MORE IMPORTANTLY – HIGHLY – ONLY – PARTICULARLY – IN FACT - VERY SIGNIFICANTLY – QUITE - SUCH – MOST - UNIQUE - AT ALL – ABOVE ALL – INDEED – IN ANY CASE.

CAUTION: Misusing or overusing intensives (most notoriously, the word very) can weaken your writing. Use them like garlic – sparingly. Eliminate intensives that are thrown in gratuitously or that don’t make a definite contribution by emphasizing an important fact or idea. Littering your writing with intensives where they are not needed makes your writing sound trite and strains your credibility.

Here is an exercise to give you practice linking your ideas together. Add connectives, intensives (from the lists above, or make up your own) and repeated words to the following sentences to make a coherent paragraph:

- Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year.

- They expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.

- The new DC-12 aircraft proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737’s.

- Older, unprofitable routes were dropped.

- Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.

- Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago.

- Their record has been accident-free since 1950.

- Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year.

- Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

YOUR PARAGRAPH: ……………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

LESSON SUMMARY AND WHERE WE GO FROM HERE:

For your paragraphs to appear as logical units, they have to hang together and convey a single idea. Use connectives and intensives to link ideas and to make the important ones stand out.

MORE:

THEORY:

1. http://esl.about.com/library/writing/blwrite_connectors_cause.htm

ESL.About.com: A guide to English sentence connectors showing cause and effect.

2. http://esl.about.com/library/writing/blwrite_connectors_comparison.htm 

ESL.About.com: A guide to English sentence connectors showing comparison.

3. http://esl.about.com/library/writing/blwrite_connectors_condition.htm  

ESL.About.com: A guide to English sentence connectors showing condition.

4. http://esl.about.com/library/writing/blwrite_connectors_contrast.htm

ESL.About.com: A guide to English sentence connectors showing contrast.

5. http://esl.about.com/library/writing/blwrite_connectors_opposition.htm

ESL.About.com: A guide to English sentence connectors showing opposition.

 6. http://esl.about.com/library/writing/blwrite_connectors_opposition.htm

 ESL.About.com: A guide to sentence connectors showing addition in English.

 PRACTICE:

7. http://www.5minuteenglish.com/may29.htm

5MinuteEnglish.com: Grammar – Using because to connect sentences.

8. Business Related  http://www.linguarama.com/ps/193-4.htm

Linguarama.com (Postscript Magazine): Grammar interactive online business exercise: “Connectors.” Theme = Finance. 

Exercises can, could, be able to

Hello my Students!

♥

For practicing CAN, COULD and BE ABLE TO, I propose you to visit these websites:

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/can2.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/can3.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/could1.htm

http://www.better-english.com/grammar/could2.htm

You can also do the following exercises: (Go to http://www.wordreference.com/ in case you need to know the meaning of any unkown word)

↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔

 

1. Fill in the blanks with the aproppriate form of the verb can our could.

1. I ___ see clearly now that the rain is gone
2. María ___ type faster than Beth
3. I ___ do two hundred sit-ups when I was in the army
4. ___ you give me a hand with this report?
5. I wonder if you ___ tell me the way to the bank.
6. ___ you drop the onions for me?
7. I’m not very musical, but I play a few songs on the piano.
8. What ___ you see when you were at the mountain top?
9. I don’t like to hurt her feelings, but what ___ I say?
10. Cats ___ climb trees, but getting back down is sometines a problem.

_________________
Thanks to the website that provided me this information, and these are the answers:
(1 – can; 2 – can; 3 – could; 4 – can/could; 5 – could/can; 6 – can/could; 7 – can; 8 – could; 9 – could; 10 – can)

↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔

 

2. More exercises. Choose the correct answer from the options given to each item:

1. I hope he – is/am/will – able to come to the party
2. Fortunately, we were all -ible/able/could – to cross the river
3. He – was/is/will – able to make it to the shops before they closed.
4. – Are/do/will – you be able to pay for it?
5. When the rain stops, we – are/were/will – be able to go out.
6. Joshep is not – be able to/able/unable – to attend today’s meeting
7. The miners – were able to/managed to/both answers – escape before the shaft collapsed.
8. – Was/is/will -  Ronald able to get yesterday’s paper?
9. Sorry, I am – able/unable/inable – to help you
10. Doctors – were able to/were able/was able – transplant a new brain from a chimp into his head.

_________________
Thanks to the author/s of the previous exercise, and these are the answers:
(1 – is; 2 – able; 3 - was; 4 – will; 5 – will; 6 – able; 7 – both answers; 8 – was; 9 – unable; 10 – were able to)

Vocabulary list

Taken From: The New Oxford Picture Dictionary. Oxford University Press. E.C. Parnwell. 1988. (IME, CODE ELC 009)

People and relationships: Woman Man Husband Wife Baby Parents Children Boy Girl Grandparents Granddaughter Grandson Grandmother Grandfather Uncle Mother Father Aunt Cousin Sister-in-law Brother Sister Brother-in-law Nephew Niece Daughter Son	The human body: Face Mouth Chin Neck Shoulder Arm Upper arm Elbow Forearm Armpit Back Chest Waist Abdomen Buttocks Hip Leg Thigh Knee Calf	Vegetables: (head of) cauliflower Broccoli Cabbage Brussels sprouts Watercress Lettuce Escarole Spinach Herb(s) Celery Artichoke (ear of) corn -cob Kidney bean(s) Black bean(s) String bean(s) Lima bean(s) Pea(s) -pod Asparagus Tomato(es) Cucumber(s) Eggplant Pepper(s) Potato(es) Yam Garlic -clove Pumpkin Zucchini Acorn squash Radish(es) Mushrooms(s) Onion(s) Carrot(s) Beet(s) Turnip
Outdoor clothes: Gloves Cap Flannel shirt Backpack Windbreaker (blue) jeans (crewneck) sweater Parka Hiking boot Earmuffs Mittens Down vest (turtleneck) sweater Tights Ice skates Ski cap Jacket Hat Scarf Overcoat Boots Beret (v-neck) sweater Coat Rain boots	The hand: Wrist Knuckle Fingernail Thumb (index) finger Middle finger Ring finger Little finger Palm	Fruits: (a bunch of) grapes Apple -stem -core Coconut Pineapple Mango Papaya
Everyday clothes Lapel Blazer Button Slacks Heel Sole Shoelace Sweatshirt Wallet Sweatpants Sneakers Sweatband Tank top Shorts Long sleeve Belt Buckle Shopping bag Sandal Collar Short sleeve Dress purse Umbrella (high) heels Cardigan (corduroy) pants Hard hat T-shirt Overalls Lunch box (construction) boots Jacket Blouse (shoulder) bag Skirt Briefcase Raincoat Vest Three-piece suit Pocket Loafer Cap Glasses Uniform Shirt Tie Newspaper Shoe	The head: Hair Part Forehead Sideburn Ear Cheek Nose Nostril Jaw Beard Mustache Tongue Tooth Lip	Berries: Gooseberries Blackberries Cranberries Blueberries Strawberry Raspberries Nectarine Pear Cherries (a bunch of) bananas -peel
Underwear and sleepwear: Undershirt Boxer shorts Underpants Athletic supporter Pantyhose Stockings Long johns Half slip Camisole Full slip (bikini) panties Briefs Bra(-ssiere) Garter belt Girdle Knee socks Socks Slippers Pajamas Bathrobe Nightgown	The eye: Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Iris Pupil	Citrus fruits: Grapefruit Orange -section -rind -seed Lemon Lime
Jewelry and cosmetics:Jewelry: Earrings Ring(s) Engagement ring Wedding ring Chain Necklace (strand of) beads Pin Bracelet Watch Watchband Cuff links Tie pin Tie clip Clip-on earring Pierced earring Clasp Post Back	The foot: Ankle Heel Instep Ball Big toe Toe Little toe Toenail	Dried fruits: Fig Prune Date Raisin(s) Apricot Watermelon
Toiletries and makeup: Razor After-shave lotion Shaving cream Razor blades Emery board Nail polish Eyebrow pencil Perfume Mascara Lipstick Eye shadow Nail clippers Blush Eyeliner	The internal organs: Brain Spinal cord Throat Windpipe Esophagus Muscle Lung Heart Liver Stomach Intestines Vein Artery Kidney Pancreas Bladder	Nuts: Cashew(s) Peanut8s) Walnut(s) Hazelnut(s) Almond(s) Chestnut(s) Avocado plum Honeydew melon Cantaloupe Peach -pit -skin
Describing clothes: Short Long Tight Loose Dirty Clean Small Big Light Dark High Low New Old Open Closed Striped Checked Polka dot Solid Print Plaid	Describing the weather Rainy Cloudy Snowy Sunny Thermometer Temperature Hot Warm Cool Cold Freezing Foggy Windy Dry Wet Icy	Meat, poultry and seafoodMeat: Beef Ground beef Roast Stewing Meat Steak Pork Sausage Chops Spare ribs Bacon Ham Lamb Leg
Medical and dental care: X ray Wheelchair Sling Band-aid Cast Examining table Crutch Attendant Stethoscope Chart Doctor Stretcher Instruments Oral hygienist Drill Basin Dentist Pedal Nurse Patient Stitches Alcohol Cotton balls (gauze) bandage Gauze pads Needle Syringe	Seasonal verbs: Spring: Paint Clean Dig Plant	Poultry: Whole (chicken) Split Quarter Thigh Leg Breast Wing Turkey Chicken Duck
Aliments and injuries Rash Fever Insect bite Chills Black eye Headache Stomachache Backache Toothache High blood pressure Cold Sore throat -tongue depressor Sprain -strech bandage Infection Broken bone Cut Bruise Burn	Summer: Water Mow Pick Trim	Seafood: Fish Whole Filet Steak
Treatments and remedies: Bed rest Surgery Heating Pad Ice pack	Fall: Fill rake Chop Push	Shellfish: Lobster Shrimp Clam(s) Oyster Mussel(s) Scallop(s) Crab(s)
Medicine: Capsule Tablet Pill Injection Ointment Eye drops	Winter: Shovel Sand Scrape Carry	Containers, quantities and money: Carton Container Bottle Package Stick Tub Loaf Bag Jar Can Roll Box Six-pack Pump Tube Pack Book Bar Cup Glass Slice Piece Bowl Spray can
Firefighting and rescue: Ladder Fire engine Fire truck Fire escape Fire Ambulance Paramedic Hose Fire hydrant Fire fighter Fire extinguisher Helmet Coat Axe Smoke Water Nozzle	Houses:Ranch house: Driveway Garage TV antenna Roof Deck	Money: Dollar bills Coins Penny Nickel Dime Quarter
Crime and punishment: Police station: Jail Detective Suspect Handcuffs Badge Police officer Gun Holster Nightstick	Colonial-style house: Porch Window Shutter Chimney	The supermarket: Deli counter Frozen foods Freezer Dairy products Milk Shelf Scale Shopping basket Produce Aisle Baked goods Bread Canned goods Beverages Household items Bin Customer Snacks Shopping cart Receipt Cash register Cashier Conveyor belt Groceries Bag Checkout counter Check
Court: Judge Robes Gavel Witness Court reporter Transcript Bench Prosecuting Attorney Witness stand Court officer Jury box Jury Defense attorney Defendant Fingerprints	The backyard: Gutter Hammock Lawn mower Sprinkler Garden hose Grass Watering can Patio Drainpipe Screen Mitt Spatula Grill Charcoal briquettes Lounge chair Power saw Work gloves Trowel Toolshed Hedge clippers Rake shovel Wheelbarrow	Family restaurant and cocktail lounge:Family restaurant: Cook Waitress Busboy Ketchup Waiter Apron Menu High chair Booth Straw Soft drink Jukebox Sugar (packet) Check Tea Sandwich
The city: Office building Lobby Corner Crosswalk Department Bakery Public telephone Street sign Post office Traffic cop Intersection Pedestrian Bu stop Bench Trash basket Subway station Elevator Bookstore Parking garage Parking meter Traffic light Drugstore Apartment house Building number Sidewalk Curb Baby carriage Fruit and vegetable market Streetlight Newsstand Street Manhole	The living room: Ceiling fan Ceiling Wall Frame Painting Vase Mantel Fireplace Fire Log Banister Staircase Step Desk Wall-to-wall carpeting Recliner Remote control Television Wall unit Stereo system Speaker Bookcase Drapes Cushion Sofa Coffee table Lampshade Lamp End table	Cocktail lounge: Corkscrew Cork Wine Tap Bartender Liquor (bottle) Beer bar Bar stool Pipe Coaster (book of) matches Ashtray Lighter Cigarette Cocktail waitress Tray
The public library: Library clerk Checkout desk Library card Card catalog Drawer Call card Call number Author Title Subject Row Call slip Microfilm Microfilm reader Periodicals section Magazine Rack Photocopy machine Globe atlas Reference section Information desk (reference) librarian Dictionary Dictionary Encyclopedia Shelf	The dining room: China China closet Chandelier Pitcher Wine glass Water glass Table Spoon Pepper shaker Salt shaker Bread and butter plate Fork Plate Napkin Knife Tablecloth Chair Coffeepot Teapot Cup Saucer Silverware Sugar bowl Creamer Salad bowl Flame Candle Candlestick Buffet	Restaurant verbs: Eat Drink Serve Cook Order Clear Pay Set (the table) Give Take Spread Hold Light Burn
The U.S. Postal system:Delivering mail: Mailbox Mail Letter carrier Mailbag Mail truck U.S. Mailbox Letter Return address Postmark Stamp Address Zip code	The kitchen: Dishwasher Dish drainer Steamer Can opener Frying pan Bottle opener Colander Saucepan Lid Dishwashing Liquid Scouring pad Blender Pot Casserole dish Canister Toaster Roasting pan Dish towel Refrigerator Freezer Ice tray Cabinet Microwave oven Mixing bowl Rolling pin Cutting board Counter Teakettle Burner Stove Coffeemaker Oven Broiler Pot holder	Common prepared foods: Mustard Hot dog Baked beans Potato chips Pancakes Syrup Bun Pickle Hamburger Spaghetti Meatballs Salad dressing Tossed salad beef stew Pork chops Mixed vegetables Mashed potatoes Butter Roll Baked potato Steak Cookie Sundae Taco Egg roll Strawberry shortcake Biscuit French fries Fried chicken Pizza Jelly (sunnyside-up) egg Bacon Toast Coffee Ice cream cone
The post office: Mail slot Postal worker Window	Kitchen verbs: Stir Grate Open pour Peel Carve Break Beat Cut Slice Chop Steam Broil Bake fry Boil	Plants and trees:Flowers: Tulip -stem Pansy Lily (chrysanthe-) mum Daisy Marigold Petunia Daffodil -bulb Crocus Hyacinth Iris Orchid Zinnia Gardenia Poinsettia Violet Buttercup Rose -bud -petal -thorn Sunflower
Types of mail: (airmail) envelope Postcard Money order Package String Label Tape Express mail (package)	The bedroom: Hook Hanger Closet Jewelry box Mirror Comb Hairbrush Alarm clock Bureau Curtain Air conditioner Blinds Tissues Headboard Pillowcase Pillow Mattress Box spring (flat) sheet Blanket Comforter Bedspread Footboard Light switch Phone -cord -jack Night table Rug Floor Chest of drawers	Grasses and grains: Sugarcane Rice Wheat Oats Corn
Trucks: Street cleaner Tow truck Fuel truck Pickup truck Snow plow Garbage truck Sanitation worker Lunch truck Panel tru Delivery person Moving van Mover Cement truck Dump truck Tractor trailer Transporter Flatbed	The baby’s room: Shade Mobile Teddy bear Crib Bumper Baby lotion Baby powder Baby wipes Changing table Cotton swab Safety pin Disposable diaper Cloth diaper Cloth diaper Stroller Smoke detector Rocking chair Bottle Nipple stretchie Bib Rattle Pacifier Walker Swing Doll house Cradle Stuffed animal Doll Toy chest Playpen Puzzle Block Potty	Trees: Redwood Palm Eucalyptus Dogwood Magnolia Poplar Willow Birch Oak -twig -acorn Pine -needle -cone Tree -branch -trunk -bark -root Elm -leaf Holly Maple
Cars:Automatic transmission: Door lock Side mirror Armrest Door handle Visor Windshield wiper Rearview mirror Steering wheel Gas gauge Speedometer Turn signal lever Horn Column Ignition Emergency brake Bucket seat Gearshift Radio dashboard Glove compartment Vent Mat Seat belt	The bathroom: Curtain rod Curtain rings Shower cap Shower head Shower curtain Soap dish Sponge Shampoo Drain Stopper Bathtub Bath mat Wastepaper basket Medicine Chest Soap Toothpaste Hot water faucet Cold water faucet Sink Nailbrush Toothbrush Washcloth Hand towel Bath towel Towel rack Hair dryer Tile Hamper Toilet Toilet brush Scale	Other plants: House plants Cactus Bushes Vine
Manual transmission: Stick shift Clutch Brake Accelerator	The utility room: Stepladder Feather duster Flashlight Rags Circuit breaker (sponge) mop Broom Dustpan Cleanser Window cleaner (mop) refill Iron Ironing board Plunger Bucket Vacuum cleaner Attachments Pipe Clothespins Spray starch Lightbulb Paper towels Dryer Laundry detergent Bleach Fabric softener Laundry Laundry basket Washing machine Garbage can Mousetrap	Poisonous plants: Poison oak Poison sumac Poison ivy
Station wagon: License plate Brake light Backup light Taillight Backseat Child’s seat Gas tank Headrest Hubcap Tire	Workshop: Carpenter’s rule C-clamp Jigsaw Wood Extension cord Outlet Grounding plug Saw Brace Wrench Mallet Monkey wrench Hammer Scraper Pegboard Hook Hatchet Hacksaw Pliers Circular saw Tape measure Workbench Toolbox Screwdriver Phillips screwdriver Power sander Sandpaper Pan Roller Paintbrush Paint Wood plane Glue Electrical tape Wire Vise Router Bolt Nut Washer Nail Screw -head -thread Electric drill -bit -shank -switch -plug	Simple animals: Snail -shell -antenna Oyster Mussel Slug Squid Octopus Starfish Shrimp Crab Scallop Worm Jellyfish -tentacle Lobster -claw
(two-door) sedan: Jack Spare tire Trunk Flare Rear bumper	Housework and repair verbs: Fold Scrub Polish Tighten Wipe Hang Sweep Make (the bed) Dry Repair Iron Oil Change (the sheets) Vacuum Dust Wash	Insects: Caterpillar Cocoon Butterfly Dragonfly -wing Cricket Grasshopper Mantis Scorpion -sting Cockroach Beetle Termite Ant Mosquito Ladybug Web Spider Firefly Fly Bee Wasp Moth Centipede
Four-door hatchback: Hatchback Sunroof Windshield Antenna Hood Headlight Parking lights Turn signal (lights) Front bumper	Map of the world:Continents: North America South America Europe Africa Asia Australia Antarctica	Birds: Pigeon -wing Hummingbird Crow -beak Sea gull Eagle Owl Hawk -feather Blue jay Robin Sparrow Cardinal Ostrich Egg Canary Parakeet Parrot Woodpecker Peacock Pheasant Turkey Rooster Chick Chicken Pelican -bill Duck Goose Penguin Swan Flamingo Stork Nest Roadrunner
Engine: Air filter fan belt Battery Terminal Radiator Hose Dipstick	Oceans: Arctic North Pacific South Pacific North Atlantic South Atlantic Indian Antarctic	Fish and reptiles:Fish: Sea horse Trout Swordfish -tail -fin -gill Eel Shark Stingray Flounder
Bikes: Training wheels (racing) handlebars Girl’s frame Wheel Horn Tricycle Helmet Dirt bike Kickstand Fender Boy’s frame Touring handlebars Lock Bike stand Bicycle Seat Brake Chain Pedal Sprocket Pump Gear changer Cable Hand brake Reflector Spoke Valve tire Motor scooter Motorcycle Shock absorbers Engine Exhaust pipe	Sea, gulfs and bays: Beaufort Sea Baffin Bay Gulf of Alaska Hudson Bay Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea North Sea Baltic Sea Barents Sea Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Guinea Black Sea Caspian Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea Arabian Sea Kara Sea Bay of Bengal Laptev Sea Bering Sea Sea of Okhotsk Sea of Japan Yellow Sea East China Sea South China Sea	Amphibians and reptiles: Alligator (garter) snake Rattlesnake Cobra Turtle Iguana Salamander Lizard Tadpole Frog Tortoise -shell
Highway travel: Interstate highway Exit ramp Overpass Cloverleaf Left lane Center lane Right lane Speed limit sign Hitchhiker Trailer Service area Attendant Air pump Gas pump Passenger car Camper sports car Center divider Motorcycle Bus Entrance ramp Shoulder Road sign Exit sign Truck Van Tollbooth	Mountain ranges Rocky Mountains Appalachian Mountains Sierra Madre Andes Alps Caucasus Urals Himalayas	Mammals:Pouched, toothless or flying mammals: Koala Armadillo Kangaroo -tail -hind legs -pouch -forelegs Bat Anteater
Public transportation:Bus: Cord Seat Bus driver Transfer Fare box Rider	Deserts: Mojave Painted Atacama Sahara Rub’ al Khali Takla Makan Gobi Great sandy	Rodents: Chipmunk Rat Gopher Mouse Squirrel Porcupine -quill Beaver Rabbit
Subway: Conductor Strap Car Track Platform Turnstile Token booth	Rivers: Yukon Rio Grande Mississippi Amazon Paraná Niger Congo Nile Ob Yenisey Lena Ganges Huang Yangtze Equator North South East West	Hoofed mammals: Hippopotamus Llama Rhinoceros -horn Elephant -trunk -tusk Zebra Bison Pony Horse -mane Foal Donkey Lamb Sheep Deer Fawn Goat Giraffe Hog Calf Cow Camel -hump Bull Moose -antler -hoof Leopard Tiger -claw Lion Cat Kitten Fox Raccoon Skunk
Train: Commuter train Engineer Ticket Commuter Station Ticket window Timetable	The United States of America Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia	Aquatic mammals: Whale Otter Walrus Seal -flipper Dolphin
Taxi: Fare Tip Meter Receipt Passenger Cab driver Taxicab Taxi stand	The universe:Outer space: Galaxy Comet (big dipper) constellation Star Meteor	Primates: Monkey Gibbon Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Baboon
Other forms of transportation: Monorail Streetcar Aerial tramway Cable car Horse-drawn carriage	The solar system: Lunar eclipse Sun Earth Moon Solar eclipse	Bears: Panda Black bear Polar bear Grizzly bear
Air travel: Airport check-in: Garment bag Carry-on bag Traveler Ticket Porter Dolly Suitcase Baggage	The planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn -ring Uranus Neptune Pluto Asteroid Orbit Telescope	Dogs: Spaniel Terrier Retriever Puppy Shepherd Wolf -paw Hyena
Security: Security guard Metal detector X-ray screener Conveyor belt	Phases of the moon: First quarter Full moon Last quarter New moon	A classroom: Flag Clock Loudspeaker Teacher Chalkboard Locker Bulletin board Computer Chalk tray Chalk Eraser Hall (loose-leaf) paper Ring binder Spiral notebook Desk Glue Brush Student Pencil sharpener Pencil eraser Ballpoint pen Ruler Pencil Thumbtack (text-) book Overhead projector
Boarding: Cockpit Instruments Pilot Copilot Flight engineer Boarding pass Cabin Fight attendant Luggage compartment Tray table Aisle Aircraft:	The space program: Spacecraft: Space station Communication satellite Weather satellite Space probe	School verbs: Raise (one’s hand) Touch Erase Read Close Listen Write Walk Tear Type Draw Tie Leave Enter
Aircraft types: Hot air balloon Helicopter -rotor Private jet Glider Blimp Hang glider Propeller plan Nose Wing Tail	Landing on the moon: Astronaut Space suit Lunar module Command module	A science lab: Prism Flask Petri dish Scale Weights Wire mesh screen Clamp Rack Test tube Stopper Graph paper Safety glasses Timer Pipette Magnifying glass Filter paper Funnel Rubber tubing Ring stand Bunsen burner Flame Thermometer Beaker Bench Graduated cylinder Medicine dropper Magnet Forceps Tongs Microscope Slide Tweezers Dissection kit Stool
Takeoff: Jet engine Cargo area Cargo door Fuselage Landing gear Terminal building Hangar (jet) plane runway Control tower	The space shuttle: Cargo bay Flight deck Living quarters Crew Rocket Space shuttle Launchpad	Math:Lines: Straight line Perpendicular line Curve Parallel lines
In port: Fishing boat Fisherman Pier Forklift Bow Crane Container Hold (container) ship Cargo Stern Barge Tugboat Lighthouse Tanker Buoy Ferry Smokestack Lifeboat Gangway Porthole Deck Windlass Anchor Line Bollard Ocean liner Dock Terminal	Energy:Sources of power: Oil well derrick Sun wind Geyser Coal mine Coal Shuttle car Elevator Shaft Waterfall	Geometrical figures: Obtuse angle Triangle Base Acute angle Square Side Circle Diameter Center Radius Section Arc Circumference Oval Rectangle Diagonal Apex Right triangle Right angle Hypotenuse
Pleasure boating: Life jacket Canoe Paddle Sailboat Rudder Centerboard Boom Mast Sail Water-skier Towrope Outboard motor Windsurfer Sailboard Cabin cruiser Kayak Dinghy Mooring Inflatable raft Oarlock Oar Rowboat	Generation of power: Refinery Nuclear reactor Core Uranium rods Cooling tower Solar collector Dam Windmill Power station Electrical generator Smokestack Transmission towers Power lines Transformer Utility pole	Solid figures: Pyramid Cylinder Cube Cone
Farming and ranching:Dairy farm: Orchard Fruit tree Farmhouse Silo Barn Pasture Farmer Barnyard Fence Sheep Dairy cow	Uses and products: Heat Gas (oline) Natural gas Propane gas Jet fuel Electricity Motor oil Diesel fuel	Fractions: Whole A half (1/2) A quarter (1/4) A third (1/3)
Wheat farm: Livestock (bale of) hay Pitchfork Tractor (wheat) field Combine Row Scarecrow	Occupations (Main Street USA): Pharmacist Mechanic Barber Travel agent Repairperson Tailor Greengrocer Baker Optician Hairdresser Florist Jeweller Butcher	Measurement: Depth Height Width Length
Ranch: (herd of) cattle Cowboy Cowgirl Horses Corral Trough	Repair and maintenance: Plumber Carpenter Gardener Locksmith Real state agent Electrician Painter	An office: Switchboard operator Headset Switchboard Printer Cubicle Typist Word processor Printout Calendar Typewriter Secretary In-box Desk Rolodex Telephone Computer Typing chair Manager Calculator Bookcase File cabinet File folder File clerk Photocopier Message pad (legal) pad Stapler Paper clips Staple remover Pencil sharpener Envelope
Construction:Construction site: Rafters Shingle Level Hard hat Builder Blueprints Scaffolding Ladder Rung Cement Foundation Bricks Pickax Construction worker Shovel Board Linesman Cherry picker	Household services: Housekeeper Janitor Delivery boy Doorman	Neighborhood Parks: Zoo Band shell Vendor Hand truck Merry-go-round Horseback rider Bridle path (duck) pond Jogging path Bench Trash can Slide Sandbox Sprinkler Playground Swings Jungle gym Seesaw Water fountain
Road work: Cone Flag Barricade Jackhammer Wheelbarrow Center divider Cement mixer Backhoe Bulldozer	Factory work: Shop worker Foreman	Outdoor activities: Plateau Hikers Canyon Hill Park ranger
Musical instruments:Strings: Piano -keyboard Sheet music Ukulele Mandolin Banjo Harp Violin -bow Viola Cello Bass -string Guitar -pick	Media and arts: Weather forecaster Newscaster Artist Photographer Model Fashion designer Writer Architect Disc jockey (DJ) Cameraperson Reporter Salesperson	Fishing: Stream Fishing rod Fishing Line Fishing net Waders Rocks
Woodwinds: Piccolo Flute Bassoon Oboe Clarinet	Banking: Officer Security guard Teller	Picnic area: Grill Picnic basket Thermos Picnic table
Percussion: Tambourine Cymbals Drum -drumsticks Conga Kettledrum Bongos	Business workers: Computer programmer Receptionist Accountant Messenger	Rafting: Raft Rapids Waterfall
Brass: Trombone Saxophone TrumpetFrench horn Tuba	Electronics and Photography:Video: Video camera Minicam Videocassette 8tape) VCR (videocassette recorder) Television	Mountain Climbing: Mountain Peak Cliff Harness Rope
Other instruments: Accordion OrganHarmonica Xylophone	Photography: Lens Flash Camera Tripod(roll of) film Prints Slides Slide projector Screen	Camping: Tent Camp stove Sleeping bag Gear Frame backpack Lantern Stake Campfire Woods
Music, dance, and Theater:The ballet: Curtain Scenery Dancer Spotlight Stage Orchestra Podium Conductor Baton Musician Box seat Orchestra seating Mezzanine Balcony Audience Usher Programs	Film: Movie camera Projector (reel of) film	At the beach: Boardwalk Refreshment stand Motel Biker Whistle Lifeguard Binoculars Lifeguard Life preserver Lifeboat Beach ball Sand dunes Frisbee Sunglasses Beach towel Pail Shovel Bathing Suit Sunbather Beach chair Beach umbrella Kite Runners Wave Surfboard Air mattress Kickboard Swimmer Tube Water Sand Sandcastle Bathing trunks Snorkel Mask Flippers Scuba tank Wet suit Suntan lotion Shell Cooler
Musical comedy: Chorus Actor Actress	Audio: Turntable Cartridge needle Arm receiver Cassette deck Records Speaker Stereo cassette player Cassette Compact disc (CD) Compact disc player Headphones Sony walkman	Team sports:Baseball: Umpire Catcher Catcher’s mask Catcher’s mitt Bat Batting helmet Batter
Rock group: Synhesizer Keyboard player Bass guitarist Singer Lead guitarist Electric guitar Drummer	Computers: Personal computer (PC) Monitor Keyboard Calculator	Little league baseball: Little leaguer Uniform
Handicrafts: Sewing: Sewing machine (spool of) thread Pincushion Material Pinking shears pattern piece Pattern Buttonhole Button Seam Hem Hem binding Snap Hook and eye Tape measure Zipper (pair of) scissors Needle Stitch Pin Thimble	Prepositions of description: At (the window) Above (the black cat) Below (the white cat)Between (the pillows) On (the rug) In front of (the fireplace) In (the drawer) Under (the desk) Behind (the chair) On top of (the table) Next to (the TV)	Softball: Softball Cap Glove
Other needlecrafts: Knitting Wool Skein Knitting Needle Needlepoint Embroidery Crochet Crochet hook Weaving Yarn Quilting	Prepositions of motion: Through (the lighthouse) Around (the lighthouse) Down (the hill) Toward (the hole) Away from (the hole) Across (the water) Over (the bridge) To (the course) From (the course) Up (the hill) Into (the hole)	Football: Football Helmet
	Days of the week: Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday	Lacrosse: Face guard Lacrosse stick
	Months of the year: January February March April May June July August September October November December	Ice hockey: Puck Hockey stick
	Colors: Red Blue Yellow White Black Gray Green Pink Purple Brown Orange	Basketball: Backboard Basket Basketball
	Numbers: Zero One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen Seventeen Eighteen Nineteen Twenty Twenty-one Thirty Forty Fifty Sixty Seventy eighty Ninety A/one hundred Five hundred Six hundred (and) twenty-one A/one thousand A/one million	Volleyball: Volleyball Net
		Soccer: Goalie Goal Soccer ball
		Ballfields:Baseball Diamond: Left fielder Center fielder Right fielder Third baseman Shortstop Base Second baseman First baseman Foul line Stands Pitcher’s mound Pitcher Dugout Batter Home plate Catcher Umpire Batboy
		Football field: Scoreboard Cheerleaders Coach Referee End zone Split end Left tackle Left guard Center Right guard Right tackle Tight end Flanker Quarterback Halfback Fullback Goalpost
		Individual sports:Tennis: Tennis ball Rocket
		Bowling: Gutter Lane Pin Bowling Ball
		Golf: Golf ball Hole Putter Golfer
		Handball: Glove Handball Court
		Boxing: Head protector Glove Referee Ring
		Ping-pong: Paddle Ping-pong ball
		Horse racing: Saddle Jockey Reins
		Gymnastics: Gymnast Balance beam
		Ice skating: Rink Skate Blade
		Racquetball: Safety goggles Racquet Racquetball
		Track and Field: Runner Track
		Cross-country skiing: Skis Pole Skier
		Fields and Courses:Tennis court: Service court Net Service line Baseline
		Golf course: Clubs Rough Golf bag Golf cart Flag Green Sand trap Fairway Tee
		Ski slope: Pole Ski boot Binding Ski Ski lift
		Race track: Stretch Starting gate Finish line
		Sports verbs:Hit Serve Kick Catch Pass Run Fall Jump Skate Throw Bounce Surf Ride Dive Drive Shoot